{"id":712,"date":"2017-03-06T06:53:41","date_gmt":"2017-03-06T06:53:41","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/test.star-ref.co.uk\/?post_type=smart_thinking&p=712"},"modified":"2022-12-08T14:18:52","modified_gmt":"2022-12-08T14:18:52","slug":"how-to-choose-an-efficient-heat-pump-large-scale-heat-pumps-and-district-heating-making-the-right-choice","status":"publish","type":"smart_thinking","link":"https:\/\/www.star-ref.co.uk\/smart-thinking\/how-to-choose-an-efficient-heat-pump-large-scale-heat-pumps-and-district-heating-making-the-right-choice\/","title":{"rendered":"Heat Pumps and Energy Efficiency Influences – Making the right choice"},"content":{"rendered":"
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What to look for when purchasing energy efficient heat pumps for district heating & industrial processes.<\/em>
\n<\/strong><\/p>\n

Energy efficient heat pumps are proving to be a clean, affordable and efficient way of heating homes and commercial buildings through the utilisation of renewable sources. Hailed as the \u201conly scalable renewable heating technology capable of becoming zero carbon by 2050\u201d by renown industry experts at a high profile conference event in Warwick in October 2016, heat pumps are crucial in meeting the country\u2019s current evasive carbon emissions targets and getting the UK back on track to achieve its COP21 targets.<\/p>\n

With the CO2 intensity of the grid in continuous decline, the goal of a fuel poverty and carbon free heating future is closer than ever.<\/p>\n

The difficulty of reducing emissions from other sectors, such as transport, means that heating may have to almost fully decarbonise if the UK is to hit its long-term goal of an 80% reduction in emissions by 2050, which means that by 2035, all new investment in heat will have to be zero-carbon.<\/p>\n

If you are considering a heat pump for a new construction project, existing residential or industrial facilities; first you need to understand how a large scale heat pump works in order to benefit from both financial and environmental gains.<\/p>\n

Read on to find out what criteria to use when purchasing industrial heat pump technology, what are the effects of any potential trade offs, and how to choose the right heatpump technology for your project.<\/p>\n

Financial or Carbon Savings?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Why choose when you can have both. Heatpumps offer economic as well as environmental benefits.<\/p>\n

In terms of \u00a3\/kWs, the bigger the heatpump installation, the better: a 13MW heatpump costs in the region of \u00a3350 to \u00a3400\/kW and will payback in a three\u00a0(1) <\/sup>\u00a0year period while a heatpump between 500kW and 1MW will be in the range of \u00a3500 to \u00a3700\/kW with a ROI of 4 years.<\/p>\n

When it comes to meeting carbon targets, heat pumps are a future-proof solution. As their only input is electricity, their carbon footprint is therefore tied to the electricity grids carbon content. As renewable electricity continues to be added to the grid (Hydro, On\/offshore wind etc), the carbon intensity of the grid declines and consequently, heatpumps decarbonise- potentially becoming zero carbon.<\/p>\n

Taking grid intensity figures in the UK \u2013 currently at 398\u00a0(3)<\/sup>gCO2\/kWH \u2013 the carbon content of heat produced by a heat pump with a COP of 3 is 45% lower than gas (85% efficient boiler);<\/p>\n

(398gCO2\u00a0<\/sub>\/kWh) \/ (3 (COP)) = 132.6gCO2<\/sub>\/kWh<\/p>\n

(208gCO2<\/sub>\/kWh) \/ (0.85 efficiency) =244.7gCO2<\/sub>\/kWh<\/p>\n

When using Scotland\u2019s grid intensity figures at 196gCO2\/kWH, CO2 savings increase above 73%.<\/p>\n

(196gCO2 \u00a0<\/sub>\/ kWh) \/ 3 (COP)= 65.3gCO2\u00a0<\/sub>\/ kWh<\/p>\n

(208gCO2\u00a0<\/sub>\/ kWh) \/ (0.85 efficiency) = 244.7gCO2<\/sub>\u00a0\/ kWh<\/p>\n

Note that the above figures from SAP are still under consultation and the final version will be released soon. This leaves a bit of a problem where consultants are still using values released by the government in 2012 when analysis by BRE showed that electricity generated in UK resulted in 519 grams of carbon dioxide (CO2) produced per kilowatt hour (kWH) of energy generated. Should we be comparing technology based on such an out of date number?<\/p>\n

Below is a simplified model of how the CO2<\/sub>\u00a0content of technology will change over the following years. We can see that we are already at the point where heat pumps are better that CHP in terms of CO2<\/sub>\u00a0and as the grid carbon content continues to decline over the next 20 years. So, why install something over a heat pump that is only going to increase your carbon emissions?<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

CO2 Content of Heat<\/em><\/p>\n

Still Sceptical? Let\u2019s look at a real case study<\/strong><\/p>\n

Have you heard about Star\u2019s 13MW\u00a0Heat pump in Norway which extracts warmth from ice cold water<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0to provide heat and hot water to buildings, hospitals, and industry in Drammen, a city of 63,000 people? The heat pump takes water out of a local fjord at 8o<\/sup>C and returns it at 4o<\/sup>C (the source side). On the hot side (the bit doing District heating) it takes water in at 60o<\/sup>C and boost it up to 90o<\/sup>C through 3-off two stage compression heat pump systems. Star achieved a seasonal COP of 3 for this site by using various tricks to optimise heat recovery, including waste heat from oil coolers, waste heat from electric motors and staging the heating process.\u00a0 Typically you might see three heat pumps in parallel so each one individually is taking heat up from 60o<\/sup>C to 90o<\/sup>C. Instead, Star steps the heat up so one heat pump takes it from 60o<\/sup>C -70o<\/sup>C the next 70o<\/sup>C -80o<\/sup>C and the last 80o<\/sup>C-90o<\/sup>C (we also step the evaporation process), which allows the heat pump to achieve the best COP possible for each application.<\/p>\n

The installation has delivered 350GWh of clean heat to date with savings totalling over \u20ac10m and carbon savings equivalent to driving over 10,000 times around the globe.<\/p>\n

Ok, so that\u2019s great but it\u2019s in Norway\u00a0what if we\u2019ve done this in the UK?<\/strong><\/p>\n

A 13MW heat pump with a COP of 3 using RHI will make a payback in 4 years for a \u00a35,000,000 investment. These types of projects are 100% viable in the UK. Just look out of the window, there is probably a river, lake, canal, loch, firth, sea, ocean or ground water not too far away, if not, it’s probably raining so there is plenty of water everywhere in the UK.<\/p>\n

How does a Heat Pump work?<\/strong><\/p>\n

A water source heat pump takes water directly from any natural or artificial water stream, including aquifers, rivers, lakes, the sea and even London\u2019s tube underground water could be utilised. Using compressors and heat exchangers, the heat pump takes the energy from the water and boosts it up through a refrigeration cycle, dumping the heat into the district water circuit. In the same way, industrial scale air source heat pumps take the warmth directly from the air and raise it to high temperatures for use in a wide range of applications. Different heat pumps work at different temperatures, but it is possible to heat water up to 90o<\/sup>C before being transferred to the heating system to be used for radiators and hot water.<\/p>\n

Heat pumps can be built in a range of sizes, tailored to the specific\u2019s projects needs. So, what constitutes as a large scale heat pump? Many people presume that a heat pump between 50kW and 100kW which can heat up to 60 degree C is as large scale as it can go. However, this is not the case. In fact, you can have as many kW or MW as required, as long as you have enough space for the units and water\/air capacity.<\/p>\n

Star are designing heat pumps big enough to provide heating and hot water to some of the largest town\u2019s district heating schemes in the UK such as E.ON\u2019s Cranbrook scheme, a network serving 3,500 new homes as well as 1.4 million square feet of industrial space, to the east of Exeter.<\/p>\n

There are five main components in a water source heat pump:<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Source water\/air:<\/strong> This is your natural energy source. No water or air is consumed in the process \u2013 they are returned at a lower temperature. In today\u2019s global warming age, this is a plus to keep the return water slightly colder (within 3K)<\/li>\n
  2. Heat Pump:<\/strong> A typical refrigeration circuit: compressor, condenser, expansion valve and evaporator \u2013 perhaps adding a couple of heat exchangers more to improve efficiency (Subcooler, Desuperheater).<\/li>\n
  3. Refrigerant:<\/strong> The fluid that runs through the system acting as the coolant. Star has proven that a natural refrigerant with zero global warming potential such as ammonia can achieve temperatures of up to 90 degrees C \u2013 a feat that won the company\u2019s engineering team the International Environmental Agency\u2019s most prestigious award, The Rittinger Medal.<\/li>\n
  4. District heating network:<\/strong> This is the water that serves the district heating loop. It is passed through the heat exchangers describer above in a certain manner to achive the desired water off temperature.<\/li>\n
  5. Electricity:<\/strong> This is required to drive the compressor motor and control panel. However, heat pumps have the capacity to harvest energy at a very high ratio such as 1 unit of electricity producing 8 units of heat (this is depending on the right circumstances), but more typical is that we see 3 to 4 units of heat per unit of electricity in district heating sized scheme. Taking this ratio as the example, heat pumps can generate, as well as 3 units of heat, 2 units of cooling and all in the same process. By reusing the cold water produced by the system to cool down nearby facilities requiring vast amounts of cooling such as data centres or industrial processes, the financial and environmental savings are colossal. And the potential for higher carbon savings goes even further as the grid continues to decarbonise.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    Understanding Refrigeration Cycles<\/strong><\/p>\n

    This is the confusing part, but it is essential you have a basic understanding so that you can separate the fact from fiction when liaising with suppliers and make and educated judgement.<\/p>\n

    A pressure enthalpy diagram can demonstrate how a refrigeration cycle works, and how it is possible to make it more efficient. It tells us how much work we need to do to get the best out of the heat pump.<\/p>\n

    In the following graphs there are four straight lines:<\/p>\n

      \n
    1. Is the compressor<\/li>\n
    2. Is the condenser<\/li>\n
    3. The expansion valve<\/li>\n
    4. The evaporator<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
      \n
      \n

      \"\"<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

      Pressure Enthalpy Diagram:\u00a0The example above is set up for evaporating at 0 degrees C and condensing at 80 degrees C.<\/em><\/p>\n

      \n
      \n

      <\/p>\n<\/div>\n

      <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>

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      \n

      Look what happens when we increase the source temperature and decrease the district heating side temperature.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

      \"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

      Pressure Enthalpy Diagram: Increased coefficient of performance (COP) by increasing source temperature and decreasing district heating temperature.<\/em><\/p>\n

      You can see that the compressor line (line1) is shorter, the evaporation point (line 4) has increased and the condensing line (line 2) has dropped down a bit. You can also see that the rectangle has jumped out slightly, on the left hand side. So, what\u2019s this telling us? It\u2019s saying that the compressor is doing less work to get more out of the heat pump. This translates as a better coefficient of performance (COP) \u2013 the number that tells you how efficient the heat pump is and in turn how affordable and environmentally friendly it is.<\/p>\n

      There\u2019s another way to further increase the efficiency of the heat pump \u2013 by adding extra heat exchangers such as subcoolers and desuperheaters. Although not necessary to complete a refrigeration circuit, these elements can take some of the work from the compressor and create extra capacity for the heat pump.<\/p>\n

      \"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

      Pressure Enthalpy Diagram: Increased coefficient of performance (COP) by adding extra heat exchangers.<\/em><\/p>\n

      *Not modelled in the diagram above :
      \n-The desuperheater will also reduce the condensing temperature.
      \n-Recovering the heat from oil coolers will also increase efficiency.<\/p>\n

      Sourcing Natural Energy<\/strong><\/p>\n

      Depending on your surroundings, your natural energy source will differ. However, the same principles apply.<\/p>\n

      If there is a suitable water source near you and want a water source heat pump to provide low cost, low carbon heating and hot water \u2013it could be a river, an ocean or you can even use waste heat from industry – be aware that when taking water from a natural source, you will need to contact the Environmental Protection Agency or SEPA. You may have to pay for a yearly abstraction license, and they will advise how much water can safely be removed from the river before putting it back.<\/p>\n

      Don\u2019t forget that the starting temperature of the water has and effect on COP. The higher the source water temperature, the less the compressor has to \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0work so if mineshafts are part of your local landscape, make sure you use them to improve the COP of the heat pump.<\/p>\n

      Rivers tend to be warmer in the summer and cooler in the winter so you may not have much control over the source water temperature \u2013 but you do have control over the district heating side. Remember, reducing the condensing temperature decreases the compressor work and increases the system\u2019s efficiency<\/p>\n

      These considerations should play heavily into your feasibility studies.<\/p>\n

      For Reference:<\/strong> To put things into context, the interactive heat map released in 2015 by the Department of Energy and Climate Change, now known as BEIS, indicates the enormous potential of water source heat pumps in the UK. In England alone, more than 6 GW of renewable\u00a0 heat can be extracted from rivers and canals. With the UK\u2019s long coastal line England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland, the potential to extract further heat from the surrounding sea is huge.<\/p>\n

      From the 6GW available in rivers water source heat pumps can deliver 9GW of heat – the electricity used in the heatpump is also released in form of heat-.<\/p>\n

      If 9 GW of the overall 90GW heat capacity currently required for domestic and commercial sector in England can be generated using heat pumps instead of using gas boilers, 3.9 million tonnes of CO2 could be saved in 2017.<\/p>\n

      9 GW would provide affordable heat for an estimate 1.8 million homes across England \u2013 and that is only from our rivers.<\/p>\n

      By 2035, as the national grid becomes less carbon intensive, carbon savings will be twice as high.<\/p>\n

      Parallel and Complex Circuits<\/strong><\/p>\n

      A parallel circuit is simple to install, but not the most efficient way of doing things. When planning to invest in a heat pump, ask if a complex circuit is possible to improve COP. Rather than having both circuits heating water from 60o<\/sup>C to 80o<\/sup>C, Star recommends taking the hot water through the condensers in series. The first one will take the water from 60o<\/sup>C to 70 degree C and then the next one 70 degree C to 80 degree C. This obviously results in less work for the compressor which can have a vast impact on COP.<\/p>\n

      Reading the TRUE heat pump COP<\/strong><\/p>\n

      We\u2019ve mentioned COP a lot, and if you\u2019ve had a quote for a heat pump in the past then you would have received a COP value. However, was it as detailed as it needs to be? Was it just the shaft COP, were inverter losses taken into consideration? Source pump power?. You need to be aware of what exactly you\u2019re getting from a supplier \u2013 it can make the difference between project success and project failure.<\/p>\n

      Take a look at our example COP calculation:<\/p>\n

      <\/p>\n

      \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
      Hot\u00a0 side flow\/return Temp (Deg C)<\/td>\n55\/75<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      Source Side Temp (Deg C)<\/td>\n8\/5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      Number of Units<\/td>\n1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      Heat Pump Capacity (kW)<\/td>\n1049.5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      Power – Shaft (kW)<\/td>\n332.4<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      COP<\/td>\n3.16<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      Motor Losses – Say 3% (kW)<\/td>\n9.972<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      Inverter Losses Say 3% (kW)<\/td>\n9.67284<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      New COP<\/td>\n2.98<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      Source Pump Power (kW)<\/td>\n20<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      Final COP<\/td>\n2.82<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n

       <\/p>\n

      The COP of 3.16 is the SHAFT COP. No losses have been taken into consideration for this 1MW system.<\/p>\n

      However if we are generous and say the motor and inverter are both 97% efficient we are now talking about a COP under 3!<\/p>\n

      OFGEM require you to include the source pump power as part of the RHI calculations \u2013 basically anything that is required to make a heat pump work needs to be taken into consideration. So picking just a random number of 20kW\u2019s we now end up with a COP of 2.82.<\/p>\n

      The future of renewable energy<\/strong><\/p>\n

      Heating consumes over 50% of our energy \u2013more than electricity and transport combined- and costs the UK \u00a316 billion a year in dirty fossil fuels imports. On the other hand, The World Health Organisation estimates air pollution annually costs the UK \u00a362bn pounds and causes around 40,000 deaths a year, so finding complex ways of burning gas or importing biomass are unlikely options.<\/p>\n

      Imaging if half of the UK\u2019s and indeed Europe\u2019s greenhouse emissions could be cut down to zero. With the increase in green electricity production and the continuos decarbonisation of the grid, heat pumps offer the potential to become a zero carbon technology. If you\u2019d like to find out more about heat pumps and if they could work for your project, get in touch.<\/p>\n

      References<\/strong><\/p>\n

        \n
      1. This is based on a \u00a37million capex for the heat pumps, plant room, abstraction equipment & obtaining the current RHI tariff available.<\/li>\n
      2. Similar to (1) but based on…..<\/li>\n
      3. The 399 is based on the projected values that BRE are producing for the Governments SAP 2016.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

         <\/p>\n

        This article has been certified for Continuing Professional Development (CPD) by CIBSE and The CPD Certification Service. To get your CPD Certificate please email your request to CPDCertificate@star-ref.co.uk<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>","protected":false},"featured_media":713,"template":"","acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nHow to Choose an Efficient Heat Pump | Star Refrigeration<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Star Refrigeration experts help you choose an efficient heat pump for large scale and district heating requirements with our specialist advice. 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